This paper investigates the socio-economic underpinning of farmer-herder conflict in Southern Adamawa., Nigeria. A region marked by ecological transition, ethnic diversity, and overlapping land use systems. Drawing on secondary data, the study profiled key socio-economic characteristics, age, gender, education, income, land access, and mobility, of farmers and herders, and examined how this factors shaped livelihood strategies and exposure to conflict. The analysis is grounded in four interrelated theoretical frameworks: Frustration-Aggression Displacement, Social Conflict theory, Human Ecology, and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Findings reveal that socio-economic diversity is not peripheral but central to understanding conflict dynamics. Age and experience influenced resilience and negotiation capacity. Gender roles and marital norms shapes exposure and coping strategies; and disparities in education and income affect access to resources and institutional support. These differences manifest in competing land use patterns, unequal power relations, and divergent conflict resolution approaches. The study concluded that addressing farmer-herder conflict requires context-sensitive interventions that recognize and respond to socio-economic heterogeneity. Policies must promote inclusive land governance, expand education access, especially for pastoralist, support livelihood diversification, and foster culturally grounded dialogue, without such nuanced, equity-driven strategies, peace building efforts risk being ineffective or exclusionary.